ANIMISM

Definition

The word animism derives from the Latin word anima/animo, meaning soul or breath. It is usually applied to any religious beliefs that recognize spirits or a spirit world inherent in the physical world.

Distribution

Animism can be found in many tribal or primal religions. Primal religions are those which are ancient, in existence before the advent of world religions such as Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism. There are many such religions in East Asia, particularly in rural or undeveloped areas, island communities and among tribal groups or minority nationalities. Animism is also found in most of the world religions in East Asia, as folk religion.

Context

Many people following primal religions live in isolated rural areas. Their lives are built around the forces of nature. Birth, death, illness and disaster are not hidden or sanitized as they are in many developed societies.
Outside forces such as foreigners or neighboring peoples may be feared. Some tribal groups are nomadic. It is easier to be aware of a spiritual dimension to life and when human strengths and frailties are exposed by such environments, there is a need for spiritual support.

Primal animistic religions share essential similarities with world religions: a belief in a powerful spiritual realm that coexists with the physical world; usually prayer, sacrifice or offering to communicate with the spiritual world; shrines, temples or sacred places; priests, shamans or mediums who can help the people to hear from the spirits or gods, and sometimes a belief in a “sky god” who is creator and above all other gods/spirits. Animistic folk religions usually grow out of primal religions mixed with one or more world religions. This happens when a world religion is introduced to the area where animistic religions are already practised. The world religion may seem to predominate, but often its tenets and practices will be less important than, or followed alongside, folk customs based on spirit belief.

Beliefs and practices

The spiritual force and the spirit world
The basis of animism is that the spirit world is stronger than humans. The power of the spirit world infuses everything. Spirits are often believed to dwell in particular objects, such as a tree, or places, such as an area of forest or a village. Sometimes they are believed to move around, even following people moving house or village.

Origin of the spirits

Some spirits are the souls of deceased ancestors. Others are beings inherent in nature and the spirit realm. For some people the spirits are intermediaries between humans and a higher god. This is often the case in a folk religion, or a primal religion recognizing a supreme god. In other primal religions, the spirits are the primary beings of the spirit realm. As such their help is sought. Sometimes the help of particular spirits is sought for particular occasions, eg. during illness or war, for marriage or childbirth, or work and study. Help is also sought for better weather conditions or a good harvest.

Relationship with the spirits

Relationship between the spirit world and the human world is ongoing and requires human effort. Some spirits are seen as friendly and helpful, and gratitude is shown by the human effort of prayer or offerings. Other spirits may be evil or troublesome and need to be avoided or appeased. Human effort is required to ensure the goodwill of the spirits and to ensure that they are not offended or neglected.
Contact with the spirits
For contact with the spirits special methods and/or trained, gifted individuals are usually required. Some tribal groups have a shaman. Shamans enter the spirit world by way of an ecstatic trance. They return to the earthly world with messages from the spirits.
Other communities make contact through a medium or through divination. Methods of divination include astrology (eg. in China), fortune telling (eg. by selection of a written “fortune” in folk Buddhism) and rituals (in many tribal communities). In many areas, including those where a world religion is established, there are local healers who prescribe rituals to seek healing from the spirits. In rural areas they will also use natural methods (eg. plants).
Case studies

Comparisons

Similarities between animistic primal religions and Christianity:
• Closeness to nature.
• Recognition of human frailty.
• Understanding of human need for a stronger power.
• Awareness of spiritual realm.
• Life after death.

Contrasts

Elements of animistic primal religions not shared by Christianity:
• Many gods or spirits.
• Often no scriptures.
• Some use magic as well as religious practice.
• The sky god is not close to his people and does not lead by moral example or rule.
• Relationships are restored by sacrifice and appeasement, rather than repentance and forgiveness.
• Some spirits are volatile and capricious.
• Spirits are local rather than universal.
Other points
Many people in East Asia may belong to a major religion such as Islam, but actually follow a mixture of this and animism.
Tribal animism is part of a deeply religious way of life in which the spiritual and physical are inextricably linked.
Animistic religions can involve a strong element of fear.
Christianity often seems to fail beside animism because it does not seem to “work” as effectively in terms of healing.
Many people are content within animistic religions and their ancient beliefs are integral to their culture.